Afghanistan’s president endorsed a “code of conduct” issued by an influential council of clerics which activists say represents a giant step backward for women’s rights in the country.
President Hamid Karzai’s remarks backing the Ulema Council’s document, which allows husbands to beat wives under certain circumstances and encourages segregation of the sexes, is seen as reaching out to insurgents like the Taliban.
The US and Karzai hope that the Taliban can be brought into negotiations to end the country’s decade-long war. But activists say they are worried that gains made by women since 2001 may be lost in the process. When the Taliban ruled Afghanistan before the 2001 US invasion, girls were banned from going to school and women had to wear burqas that covered them from head to toe. Women were not allowed to leave home without a male relative as an escort.
The “code of conduct” issued on Friday by the Ulema Council as part of a longer statement on national political issues is cast as a set of guidelines that religious women should obey voluntarily, but activists are concerned it will herald a reversal of the trend in Afghanistan since 2001 to pass laws aimed at expanding women’s rights.
The rules say women should not travel without a male guardian and should not mingle with strange men in places such as schools, markets and offices. Beating one’s wife is prohibited only if there is no “sharia-compliant reason,” it says. Asked about the code at a press conference in Kabul, Karzai said it was in line with Islamic law and had been written in consultation with Afghan women’s groups. He did not name the groups.
“The clerics’ council of Afghanistan did not put any limitations on women,” Karzai said, adding: “It is the sharia law of all Muslims and all Afghans.” Karzai’s public backing of the council’s guidelines may be intended to make his government more palatable to the Taliban, or he may simply be trying to keep on the good side of the Ulema Council, which could be a valuable intermediary in speaking to the insurgents.
But women’s activists say endorsement means existing or planned laws to protect women’s rights may be sacrificed for peace negotiations. “It sends a really frightening message that women can expect to get sold out in this process,” said Heather Barr, an Afghanistan researcher for the New York-based Human Rights Watch.
Shukria Barikzai, a parliamentarian from the capital who has been active in women’s issues, said she was worried that Karzai and the clerics’ council appeared to be ignoring their country’s own laws.
“When it comes to civil rights in Afghanistan, Karzai should respect the constitution,” Barikzai said. The Afghan constitution provides equal rights for men and women.
The exception for certain types of beatings also appears to contradict Afghan law that prohibits spousal abuse. And the guidelines also promote rules on divorce that give women few rights, a turnaround from pledges by Karzai to reform Afghan family law to make divorces more equitable, Barr said. “This represents a significant change in his message on women’s rights,” she said. Afghan women’s rights activist Fatana Ishaq Gailani, founder of the Afghanistan Women’s Council, said she felt women’s rights were being used as part of a political game.
“We want the correct Islam, not the Islam of politics,” Gailani said. She said she supported negotiations with the Taliban, but Afghanistan’s women should not be sacrificed for that end.
Hadi Marifat, of the Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organisation, which surveyed 5,000 Afghan women for a recent report on the state of women’s rights in Afghanistan, argued that the statements show Karzai is shifting more toward the strictest interpretations of sharia law.
“In the post-Taliban Afghanistan, the guiding principle of President Karzai regarding women’s rights has been attracting funding from the international community on one hand, balanced against the need to get the support of the Ulema Council and other traditionalists on the other,” Marifat said. “The concerning thing is that now this balance is shifting toward the conservative element, and that was obvious in his statement.”
